NINGBO INNO PHARMCHEM CO., LTD. emphasizes the importance of a thorough understanding of chemical compounds for effective application. 2-Fluorobenzonitrile (CAS 394-47-8) is a molecule whose chemical profile is central to its utility as an organic synthesis building block and a crucial chemical intermediate. Its distinctive structure dictates its physical properties and reactivity, making it a valuable asset in various synthetic endeavors.

Physically, 2-Fluorobenzonitrile is typically described as a clear, colorless to light brownish liquid. It possesses a molecular weight of 121.11 g/mol and its chemical formula is C₇H₄FN. Key physical properties include a relatively low melting point, often cited around -13.7 °C, and a boiling point of approximately 90 °C at 21 Torr, indicating it is volatile under reduced pressure. Its density is around 1.116 g/mL at 25 °C, and its refractive index (n20/D) is typically 1.505. These physical characteristics are important for handling, storage, and purification processes.

The reactivity of 2-Fluorobenzonitrile is primarily governed by the interplay between the electron-withdrawing nitrile group and the electronegative fluorine atom, both attached to the benzene ring. The ortho-positioning of these substituents creates a unique electronic environment. The fluorine atom, while inductively electron-withdrawing, can also donate electron density through resonance, but its primary effect in this context is to activate the aromatic ring towards nucleophilic attack, particularly at positions ortho and para to it. However, the nitrile group is a strong electron-withdrawing group through both inductive and resonance effects, which also influences the reactivity of the ring.

Crucially, the fluorine atom in 2-Fluorobenzonitrile can be displaced by strong nucleophiles through nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions. This makes it an excellent precursor for synthesizing a wide range of substituted aromatic compounds and heterocycles, such as those found in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The reaction mechanism typically involves the formation of a Meisenheimer complex intermediate. The electron-deficient nature of the aromatic ring, enhanced by the nitrile group, facilitates this type of substitution. For example, reacting with amines or alkoxides can replace the fluorine atom, leading to new carbon-nitrogen or carbon-oxygen bonds.

The compound can also undergo reduction of the nitrile group to form a benzylamine, or hydrolysis to yield the corresponding benzoic acid or benzamide under appropriate conditions. These diverse reactions highlight its versatility as a chemical intermediate. Understanding the precise chemical and physical properties and reactivity of 2-Fluorobenzonitrile is essential for chemists at NINGBO INNO PHARMCHEM CO., LTD. and our clients to effectively utilize it in complex synthesis projects. Its predictable reactivity and accessibility from reputable 2-Fluorobenzonitrile suppliers in China make it an indispensable tool in modern synthetic chemistry.