Adipic acid, while widely recognized for its industrial and food applications, also holds significance in human health as a potential biomarker and in environmental science due to its production methods.

In the context of human health, elevated levels of adipic acid in urine or blood can be indicative of underlying metabolic disorders. These conditions often involve impaired amino acid metabolism, leading to the accumulation of adipic acid and related compounds. For instance, specific inborn errors of metabolism, such as lysinuric protein intolerance and certain types of glutaric aciduria, are associated with increased adipic acid excretion. Testing for adipic acid can therefore be a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying these rare genetic conditions.

Adipic acid can also serve as an indicator of dietary habits, particularly the consumption of gelatin-rich foods like jello. Its presence in urine is often exogenous, reflecting recent intake rather than an underlying metabolic issue. However, persistent high levels unrelated to diet may warrant further investigation into metabolic function.

The significance of adipic acid extends to environmental considerations, primarily concerning its industrial production. The most common method involves the oxidation of KA oil using nitric acid, a process that generates nitrous oxide (N₂O). N₂O is a potent greenhouse gas with a significantly higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide and also contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. Consequently, chemical manufacturers are under pressure to adopt cleaner production technologies that minimize or eliminate N₂O emissions.

This environmental challenge has spurred the development of alternative production routes. Research is actively underway to create bio-based adipic acid from renewable feedstocks, such as sugars, through fermentation and enzymatic processes. These greener methods aim to reduce the carbon footprint associated with adipic acid production and align with global sustainability initiatives.

Furthermore, the demand for adipic acid is closely linked to the production of nylon 6,6, a material widely used in textiles, automotive parts, and consumer goods. While this widespread use drives economic growth, it also necessitates a critical look at the entire lifecycle of adipic acid, from raw material sourcing and production to its eventual end-of-life management.

In summary, adipic acid presents a dual perspective: it is a valuable industrial chemical and food ingredient with important health implications as a biomarker, while its production also raises environmental concerns that are driving innovation towards more sustainable manufacturing processes.