Nalidixic acid, a compound with the CAS number 389-08-2, stands as a foundational member of the quinolone class of antibacterial agents. Developed in the early 1960s, it was one of the first synthetic antimicrobial drugs that primarily targeted Gram-negative bacteria. Its journey from discovery to widespread use highlights significant advancements in combating bacterial infections, particularly those affecting the urinary tract.

At its core, the efficacy of nalidixic acid stems from its unique nalidixic acid mechanism of action. It functions by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase, an essential enzyme responsible for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. By interfering with this vital process, nalidixic acid effectively halts bacterial proliferation. This specific targeting of bacterial DNA gyrase distinguishes it and forms the basis of its therapeutic utility.

The nalidixic acid chemical properties are equally important for its application. Typically appearing as a white to pale yellow crystalline powder, it exhibits limited solubility in water but is more soluble in organic solvents and alkaline solutions. Its molecular formula, C12H12N2O3, and a molecular weight of 232.24 g/mol, are key identifiers in its chemical profile. Understanding these properties is crucial for formulation and quality control in the pharmaceutical industry.

The primary therapeutic use for nalidixic acid is in the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms. This includes common pathogens like E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter species. While effective against a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria, it's important to note that Pseudomonas species are generally resistant. The ability to achieve effective concentrations in the urinary tract makes it a valuable option, contributing to its established nalidixic acid uses in clinical practice.

Beyond direct therapeutic applications, nalidixic acid also plays a role in scientific research. As a well-characterized compound, it is frequently employed as a reference standard for analytical testing and as a tool in studies investigating antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Researchers often examine nalidixic acid antibacterial activity to understand how bacteria develop resistance and to screen for new antimicrobial agents.

The market for nalidixic acid involves various nalidixic acid suppliers who provide the compound for pharmaceutical manufacturing and research purposes. Its continued relevance, despite the emergence of newer fluoroquinolones, underscores its historical significance and established efficacy in specific clinical scenarios. The nalidixic acid synthesis process itself is a key area for chemical manufacturers, ensuring a reliable supply of this important active pharmaceutical ingredient.

In conclusion, nalidixic acid remains a significant compound in the pharmaceutical and chemical landscape. Its targeted mechanism of action, specific antibacterial spectrum, and diverse applications, from treating UTIs to facilitating scientific research, highlight its enduring value. Understanding its properties and uses is essential for anyone involved in the fields of pharmaceuticals, microbiology, and medicinal chemistry.