Vitamin B2, also known as Riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for numerous bodily functions. It plays a critical role in energy metabolism, converting food into cellular energy (ATP), and supporting the health of red blood cells, skin, eyes, and the nervous system. While deficiencies are rare in developed countries, certain factors can increase the risk.

Causes of Vitamin B2 Deficiency

Riboflavin deficiency typically arises from inadequate dietary intake of foods rich in Vitamin B2, such as dairy products, lean meats, eggs, leafy green vegetables, and fortified cereals. Individuals following restrictive diets, like vegan or vegetarian diets, may be at higher risk if their intake of these sources is not carefully managed. Additionally, certain medical conditions that impair nutrient absorption, such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease, can lead to deficiency. Chronic alcohol use disorder, certain medications (like some antidepressants and diuretics), and increased physiological demand during pregnancy or breastfeeding can also contribute to low Riboflavin levels.

Symptoms of Vitamin B2 Deficiency

Recognizing the symptoms of Vitamin B2 deficiency is crucial for timely intervention. Early signs often manifest in the skin and mucous membranes. These can include:

  • Cracks and sores at the corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis).
  • Inflammation and soreness of the tongue (glossitis), sometimes turning magenta in color.
  • Dry, scaly, and inflamed skin, particularly around the nose, ears, and genitals (seborrheic dermatitis).
  • Cracked lips.
  • Sore throat.
  • Sensitivity of the eyes to light, redness, and itchiness.
  • In more severe or prolonged cases, anemia and even cataracts may develop.

Prevention and Treatment

Preventing Vitamin B2 deficiency involves ensuring a consistent intake of Riboflavin-rich foods. Incorporating dairy products, lean meats, eggs, leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and fortified cereals into your daily diet is paramount. For those at higher risk or with diagnosed deficiencies, supplementation may be recommended by a healthcare professional. Treatment typically involves increasing dietary intake and, if necessary, taking oral Riboflavin supplements or, in severe cases, receiving injections. Maintaining a balanced diet is the most effective strategy for ensuring adequate Riboflavin levels and supporting overall health.