4-Hexanolide, scientifically known as Gamma Hexalactone, is a fascinating organic compound with the molecular formula C6H10O2 and CAS number 695-06-7. This gamma-lactone is characterized by its physical state as a clear, colorless liquid at room temperature, with a melting point of -18°C and a boiling point of 219°C. Its density is approximately 1.023 g/mL at 25°C, and its refractive index is 1.439. While slightly soluble in water, it exhibits good solubility in common organic solvents like alcohol and propylene glycol, making it versatile for various formulations.

The occurrence of 4-Hexanolide in nature is noteworthy, as it has been reported in a variety of fruits, dairy products, and even cooked meats. This natural presence contributes to its desirable sensory attributes and makes it a valuable ingredient for replicating natural flavors and aromas. Its chemical structure, a gamma-lactone with an ethyl group at the fifth position of the oxolan-2-one ring, underpins its characteristic sweet and creamy properties.

Several synthesis pathways exist for 4-Hexanolide. Common methods include the reduction of sorbic acid using various metal catalysts and acids, or synthesis from ethylene oxide and sodio-malonic ester. These processes allow for its production on an industrial scale, ensuring a consistent supply for the flavor and fragrance industries.

Beyond its primary applications in flavor and fragrance, 4-Hexanolide also finds use as an analytical standard. It is employed in chromatography techniques to determine its presence in complex matrices such as wine, biological samples, and even e-cigarette refill solutions. This analytical utility highlights its importance in quality control and research across different scientific fields.

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