Dopamine hydrochloride, identified by CAS number 62-31-7, is a compound of significant interest due to its multifaceted roles. Chemically, it is characterized by the molecular formula C8H12ClNO2 and a molecular weight of 189.64 g/mol. This organic compound is a hydrochloride salt of dopamine, a naturally occurring catecholamine neurotransmitter. Its chemical structure, featuring a benzene ring with two adjacent hydroxyl groups and an ethylamine side chain, is fundamental to its biological activity and chemical reactivity.

The physical properties of dopamine hydrochloride include its appearance as a light tan powder. Its solubility profile indicates it is soluble in water and methanol, which is advantageous for many formulation and reaction processes in the pharmaceutical industry. Understanding these properties is crucial for its effective handling, storage, and application as a pharmaceutical intermediate.

The primary application of dopamine hydrochloride lies in its function as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It is vital for regulating motor control, mood, and reward pathways. Medically, it is used to treat conditions associated with low dopamine levels, such as Parkinson's disease, and in critical care settings to manage hypotension and shock by improving cardiac output and blood flow. Its role as a precursor in the synthesis of other catecholamines like norepinephrine and epinephrine further highlights its importance in biological systems.

Beyond its biochemical significance, dopamine hydrochloride has found applications in materials science, particularly as a precursor for polydopamine. Polydopamine is known for its strong adhesion properties and its ability to form robust coatings on various substrates. These properties make polydopamine useful in creating advanced functional materials, catalysts, and drug delivery systems. The development of sustainable synthesis routes for dopamine hydrochloride, such as those utilizing lignin, is vital for ensuring a consistent and environmentally responsible supply for these diverse applications.

As research progresses, the exploration of dopamine hydrochloride's chemical properties continues to unlock new applications. Its critical role in both biological systems and material science underscores its value as a versatile chemical compound, driving innovation in pharmaceuticals and beyond.