Understanding the core chemical properties and synthesis pathways of key intermediates is fundamental for chemists and process engineers. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (CAS 123-08-0) is a prime example of such a compound, whose unique molecular structure and reactivity underpin its broad utility across the pharmaceutical, fragrance, and agrochemical industries.

Molecular Structure and Key Properties

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, with the molecular formula C7H6O2 and a molecular weight of 122.12 g/mol, is characterized by a benzene ring substituted with a hydroxyl (-OH) group and an aldehyde (-CHO) group at para positions. Its CAS number is 123-08-0. This arrangement of functional groups dictates its chemical behavior:

  • Appearance: Typically a white to pale yellow crystalline powder.
  • Melting Point: Approximately 112-116 °C (literature values may vary slightly).
  • Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and ether.
  • Reactivity: The aldehyde group is susceptible to oxidation and reduction reactions, while the phenolic hydroxyl group can undergo etherification, esterification, and electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

These properties make it a versatile building block for complex organic syntheses.

Synthesis Routes to 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

Several methods are employed for the synthesis of 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, with industrial production often favoring efficiency and cost-effectiveness:

  • Oxidation of p-Cresol: One common industrial route involves the direct oxidation of p-cresol. This process has been extensively researched and optimized, utilizing air or oxygen in the presence of specific catalysts.
  • From p-Nitrotoluene: Another approach involves the oxidation-reduction of p-nitrotoluene using sodium polysulfide, followed by purification steps. The subsequent conversion of the intermediate p-aminobenzaldehyde to the final product also involves specific chemical treatments.
  • Biotechnological Routes: While less common for bulk industrial production, enzymatic or microbial transformations are also explored for synthesizing phenolic compounds.

The choice of synthesis method often depends on factors such as raw material availability, desired purity, and economic considerations.

Partnering for Quality and Supply

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