4,5-Dicyanoimidazole (DCI), identified by its Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number 1122-28-7, is a highly significant chemical compound with a broad range of applications, particularly in advanced chemical synthesis. Also known by synonyms such as Imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile or 1H-Imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile, DCI is a white crystalline powder that has emerged as an indispensable reagent in various high-tech chemical processes.

The molecular structure of 4,5-Dicyanoimidazole is defined by its formula C5H2N4, yielding a molecular weight of approximately 118.10 g/mol. Its physical characteristics make it suitable for precise laboratory and industrial applications. It typically presents as white crystals or a crystalline powder. DCI exhibits a melting point generally ranging from 168°C to 175°C, with some reports indicating a range of 174.0°C to 177.0°C. The boiling point is considerably higher, approximately 569.3°C, and it has a relatively low flash point of 50°F. Its density is noted around 0.791 g/mL at 25°C, and it possesses an index of refraction of 1.584. DCI demonstrates good solubility in common organic solvents such as acetonitrile, DMSO, and methanol, which is crucial for its application in solution-based reactions.

The primary and most impactful application of 4,5-Dicyanoimidazole is its use as a powerful activator in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. In this complex biochemical process, DCI plays a critical role in activating nucleoside phosphoramidites, facilitating the efficient and accurate elongation of oligonucleotide chains. Its effectiveness in this regard has positioned it as a preferred alternative to other reagents like tetrazole, offering enhanced performance and reliability in the synthesis of both conventional and novel nucleosides. Furthermore, DCI is recognized as a versatile condensation reagent, valuable across different chemical reactions where the formation of new bonds through the elimination of small molecules is required.

Quality and purity are paramount for compounds like 4,5-Dicyanoimidazole, especially when used in sensitive synthetic procedures. High-grade DCI typically boasts a purity of ≥99.0%, ensured through rigorous quality control measures, often verified by Gas Chromatography (GC) or High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). For optimal preservation of its chemical integrity and efficacy, DCI should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated, and dry environment, ideally under an inert atmosphere, at controlled room temperature or lower. Standard packaging options include 25 kg drums, though customized packaging solutions are available to meet specific customer requirements.

Understanding the safety profile of 4,5-Dicyanoimidazole is also essential for safe handling and transportation. It is classified under UN No. UN3439 with Hazard Class 6.1 and Packing Group III, indicating its nature as a hazardous substance requiring careful management. Users should be aware of potential hazards, including skin irritation, serious eye damage, and respiratory irritation, and employ appropriate personal protective equipment and ventilation during use.

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