Understanding the intrinsic chemical properties and synthesis pathways of Cyclohexanone (CAS 108-94-1) is fundamental for chemists and formulators who utilize this versatile compound. As a cyclic ketone, Cyclohexanone exhibits distinct characteristics that dictate its wide-ranging applications, from industrial solvents to crucial chemical intermediates.

Physical and Chemical Properties:

Cyclohexanone is typically described as a colorless, oily liquid with a characteristic pungent odor, often compared to acetone or peppermint. Its key properties include:

• Molecular Formula: C6H10O
• Molecular Weight: 98.14 g/mol
• CAS Number: 108-94-1
• Boiling Point: Approximately 155.65 °C
• Melting Point: Approximately -16.1 °C
• Flash Point: Approximately 43.9 °C (closed cup), classifying it as flammable.
• Density: Approximately 0.947 g/cm³ at 20 °C.
• Solubility: It is moderately soluble in water and completely miscible with most common organic solvents, including alcohols, ethers, and esters.
• Reactivity: As a ketone, it undergoes reactions typical of this functional group, such as oxidation and reduction. It reacts with strong oxidizing agents.

These properties make Cyclohexanone an effective solvent for a variety of substances and a reactive intermediate in chemical synthesis.

Primary Synthesis Methods:

The industrial production of Cyclohexanone primarily relies on two main methods:

1. Catalytic Oxidation of Cyclohexane: This is one of the most common commercial methods. Cyclohexane is oxidized with air or oxygen, typically in the presence of a catalyst (often cobalt salts), to form a mixture of Cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol, collectively known as 'KA oil' (Ketone-Alcohol oil). This mixture is then further processed to isolate Cyclohexanone.
2. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Phenol: Phenol can be catalytically hydrogenated to produce Cyclohexanone. This process involves reacting phenol with hydrogen gas over a catalyst, such as nickel or palladium, at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Other methods, such as the catalytic dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol, are also employed but are less common for large-scale production.

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