Tributyl phosphate (TBP), a chemical compound with the molecular formula C12H27O4P and CAS number 126-73-8, is a colorless to light yellow transparent oily liquid. Possessing a relative molecular mass of 266.32, TBP is a highly versatile substance crucial in numerous industrial applications. Its unique physical and chemical properties make it invaluable across a range of sectors, from nuclear fuel processing to the production of everyday coatings and adhesives.

Understanding the fundamental characteristics of Tributyl phosphate is key to appreciating its broad utility. It exhibits a melting point below -80ºC and a high boiling point of 289ºC, indicative of its thermal stability. With a relative density of approximately 0.9729 at 25/4ºC, it is lighter than water. Its dynamic viscosity ranges from 3.5 to 4.0 mN/m, and it has a refractive index of 1.4226. While its water solubility is relatively low, around 0.1%, TBP is highly soluble in most organic solvents, although it shows slight solubility in glycerol, hexanediol, and amines. It has a flash point of 146ºC and an autoignition temperature exceeding 482ºC, highlighting its relative safety under normal handling conditions compared to more volatile solvents.

One of the most significant applications of Tributyl phosphate is its use as a rare metal extractant. This application is particularly critical in the separation and purification of valuable elements such as uranium, rare earth elements (like neodymium, lanthanum, and cerium), nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, vanadium, manganese, antimony, lithium, rhenium, and mercury. TBP's ability to selectively complex with metal ions makes it an efficient agent for liquid-liquid extraction processes, which are vital in mining, metallurgy, and nuclear industries. Its role in the PUREX process for reprocessing nuclear fuel is a well-known example of its importance in the nuclear cycle, where it facilitates the separation of uranium and plutonium from fission products.

Beyond metal extraction, Tributyl phosphate serves as a highly effective solvent due to its high boiling point and excellent solvency for many organic compounds. It is widely used as a solvent in the production and formulation of coatings, adhesives, and inks, improving their flow properties and stability. Its capacity to act as a carrier for fluorescent dyes is also utilized in specific applications. Furthermore, TBP functions as a plasticizer, imparting flexibility and durability to polymers like nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, chlorinated rubber, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), enhancing their performance and processability.

The compound also demonstrates utility as a potent defoamer and antistatic agent. In various industrial processes where foaming can cause significant problems, TBP helps to suppress foam formation, ensuring smooth operation and product quality. Its application as a defoamer in oil casing well cement is one such specific use. As an antistatic agent, it helps to prevent the buildup of static electricity in materials, which can be crucial in sensitive environments or product handling.

Additional diverse applications of Tributyl phosphate include its use as a heat exchange medium, an additive in building materials, and a component in lubricating oils to enhance pressure resistance and anti-wear properties. It can also be employed as a flame retardant, notably in aircraft hydraulic fluids, contributing to enhanced safety. Its utility as an extractant for the purification of Tungstophosphoric acid (WPA) further underscores its versatility as a chemical reagent.

The quality of Tributyl phosphate is paramount for its performance in these demanding applications. Industrial grade TBP is typically available with a minimum purity of 99%, while high purity grades can reach 99.6% or higher. Different grades, such as superior grade or antifoaming grade, may adhere to specific standards like APHA color, acid value, moisture content, and density parameters, ensuring suitability for particular uses. Rigorous quality control is essential to meet the stringent requirements of industries relying on TBP, especially for critical applications like rare metal extraction.

Proper packaging and storage are also crucial for maintaining the quality and safety of Tributyl phosphate. It is commonly supplied in packaging options such as 25kg plastic barrels, 200kg iron barrels, or IBC tanks, depending on the quantity required. Storage conditions recommend keeping the product away from light and in a cool, well-ventilated area to prevent degradation. It is also important to reiterate the strict prohibition of using TBP in human and animal food and feed additives due to safety considerations.

As a foundational chemical intermediate, the demand for high-quality Tributyl phosphate remains strong across global markets, driven by the continuous need for rare metals in electronics and renewable energy technologies, as well as ongoing requirements in polymer processing and industrial solvents. When sourcing this critical material, finding a reputable manufacturer or supplier is essential. Factors such as purity levels, consistent quality, and reliable supply chain are paramount considerations for industrial users. The price of TBP can fluctuate based on market dynamics, production costs, and the purity grade required, making it important to evaluate offerings carefully.

For companies looking to buy or purchase Tributyl phosphate, engaging directly with experienced suppliers ensures access to detailed product specifications, technical data, and necessary safety information. Prospective buyers should inquire about available packaging options, lead times, and minimum order quantities. Requesting samples before committing to a large purchase is a common practice to verify product suitability for specific applications. Establishing a long-term relationship with a trusted supplier is vital for ensuring a stable and cost-effective procurement strategy for this indispensable chemical.