4-Phenylphenol (CAS 92-69-3), chemically known as biphenyl-4-ol or p-hydroxybiphenyl, is an organic compound that occupies an important niche in the chemical industry. Its distinct physical and chemical properties dictate its behavior in various reactions and applications, from agrochemical synthesis to the development of advanced materials. For scientists and engineers involved in product formulation and process development, a thorough understanding of these characteristics is essential before they decide to buy this compound.

Physical Characteristics of 4-Phenylphenol

At room temperature, 4-Phenylphenol typically presents as a white to slightly yellow crystalline powder or flakes. This solid form is a key characteristic, making it convenient for handling and storage. Its melting point is generally reported in the range of 164-166°C, indicating a relatively stable crystalline structure. Unlike many simple phenols, its solubility in water is low (approximately 0.7 g/L at 20°C), but it exhibits good solubility in a variety of organic solvents, including alcohols, ketones, and ethers, as well as alkaline solutions. This solubility profile is critical for its use in synthesis reactions that often occur in organic media.

Chemical Reactivity and Functional Groups

The chemical behavior of 4-Phenylphenol is governed by two main functional components: the hydroxyl (-OH) group and the biphenyl aromatic system.

  • The Hydroxyl Group: As a phenol, the hydroxyl group is weakly acidic, with a pKa around 9.55. This acidity allows it to react with bases to form phenoxide salts. The hydroxyl group is also a site for electrophilic substitution on the aromatic ring, albeit less reactive than in simpler phenols due to the electron-withdrawing nature of the attached phenyl ring. It can participate in etherification, esterification, and condensation reactions, which are fundamental for its use as a chemical intermediate.
  • The Biphenyl System: The biphenyl moiety provides a robust aromatic structure that confers thermal stability and influences the electronic properties of the molecule. The electron density distribution across the biphenyl rings can be modified by substituents, affecting reactivity. Electrophilic aromatic substitution can occur on the biphenyl rings, though typically at positions dictated by the directing effects of the existing hydroxyl group and the phenyl substituent.

Key Chemical Properties and Stability

4-Phenylphenol is considered stable under normal storage conditions. However, like many organic compounds, it is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases, which can lead to decomposition or unwanted reactions. Its flash point is relatively high (around 330°F or 165°C), indicating it is combustible but not highly flammable under typical industrial handling. Information on its vapor pressure at standard temperatures is low, suggesting minimal volatilization during handling.

The chemical data, including its molecular formula (C12H10O) and molecular weight (170.21 g/mol), are fundamental for stoichiometric calculations in synthesis. Its refractive index is also a property that can be used for characterization.

For industries requiring 4-Phenylphenol, understanding these properties is crucial for designing efficient synthesis routes, ensuring safe handling and storage, and predicting product performance. If you are looking to purchase this chemical for research or industrial purposes, seeking out suppliers who provide comprehensive technical specifications and maintain high purity standards, such as manufacturers in China, is a prudent step. Their expertise ensures you receive a product that meets your exact chemical needs.